Markers are largely being phased out and replaced by distance measuring equipment (DME). Optional marker beacon(s) provide distance information as the approach proceeds, including the middle marker (MM), placed close to the position of the (CAT 1) decision height. The pilot attempts to manoeuvre the aircraft to keep the indicators centered while they approach the runway to the decision height. The relationship between the aircraft's position and these signals is displayed on an aircraft instrument, often additional pointers in the attitude indicator. ILS uses two directional radio signals, the localizer (108 to 112 MHz frequency), which provides horizontal guidance, and the glideslope (329.15 to 335 MHz frequency) for vertical guidance. Photo of Indra's Normarc localizer, taken at the runway 06L of the Montréal–Trudeau International Airport, Canada. The transmitter and antenna are on the centerline at the opposite end of the runway from the approach threshold. View of the primary component of the ILS, the localizer, which provides lateral guidance. Other versions of the system, or "categories", have further reduced the minimum altitudes, runway visual ranges (RVRs), and transmitter and monitoring configurations designed depending on the normal expected weather patterns and airport safety requirements. Bringing the aircraft this close to the runway dramatically increases the range of weather conditions in which a safe landing can be made. At that point the runway should be visible to the pilot if it is not, they perform a missed approach. In its original form, it allows an aircraft to approach until it is 200 feet (61 m) over the ground, within a 1⁄ 2 mile (800 m) of the runway. In aviation, the instrument landing system ( ILS) is a precision radio navigation system that provides short-range guidance to aircraft to allow them to approach a runway at night or in bad weather. Diagram of an instrument landing system (ILS) approach Two white lights and two red lights mean you're on the established glide path on a PAPI.For the Preston Reed album, see Instrument Landing (album). The visual glide path of the PAPI typically provides safe obstruction clearance within plus or minus 10 degrees of the extended runway centerline and to 3.4 NM from the runway threshold. These lights are visible from about 5 miles during the day and up to 20 miles at night. PAPIs use lights similar to the VASI, but are installed in a single row of either two or four light units. The Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) is another very common visual glide path indicator light. Although normal glide path angles are 3 degrees, VASI lights at some airports may be as high as 4.5 degrees to give proper obstacle clearance. If you see two red lights over two white lights, you're on glide path. The visual glide path of the VASI provides safe obstruction clearance within plus or minus 10 degrees of the extended runway centerline and to 4 NM from the runway threshold. These lights are visible from 3-5 miles during the day and up to 20 miles or more at night. The Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI) is a system of lights arranged to provide visual descent guidance information during the approach to a runway for VFR and IFR pilots.
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